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References

Treatment

T1. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Technology appraisal No. 32. Guidance on the use of beta interferon and glatiramer acetate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2002: www.nice.org.uk.
T2. Munschauer M and Stuart W.  Rationale for early treatment with interferon beta-1a in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Clinical Therapeutics, 1997, vol 19 www.clinicalevidence.com.
T3. Teva Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Copaxone. Summary of Prescribing Characteristics. Available from   www.medicines.org.uk, last modified 15 July 2008, Accessed 22 December 2008.
T4. Biogen Idec Ltd. TYSABRI Summary of Product Characteristics Available from www.medicines.org.uk, last modified October 2008, Accessed 22 December 2008.
T5. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Technology appraisal No. 127. Natalizumab for the treatment of adults with highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. London. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2007: www.nice.org.uk, Accessed 22 December 2008.
T6. Biogen Idec Limited. AVONEX Summary of Product Characteristics. Available from www.medicines.org.uk, last modified June 2008, Accessed 22 December 2008.
T7. Guidelines for treatment of multiple sclerosis with beta-interferon and glatiramer acetate. Association of British Neurologists, 2007: www.theabn.org.
T8. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Multiple sclerosis. Management of multiple sclerosis in primary and secondary care. CG8. Accessed 22 December 2008: www.nice.org.uk.
T9. Serono Europe Limited. Rebif. Summary of Product Characteristics. Available from www.medicines.org.uk, last modified May 2008, Accessed 22 December 2008.
T10. Bayer Schering Pharma AG. Betaferon. Summary of Product Characteristics. Available from www.medicines.org.uk, last modified October 2008, Accessed 22 December 2008.
T11. Cost effective provision of disease modifying therapies for people with multiple sclerosis. Department of Health; London; 2002: www.doh.gov.uk/publications/coinh.html.
T12. Risk sharing scheme: How will it work? What's the latest? MS Matters. MS Society; London; 2003: www.mssociety.org.uk
T13. Leary SM, Thompson AJ. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: current and future treatment options. CNS Drugs 2005; 19(5): 369-376.
T14. MS Society. MS Essentials 06: Disease modifying drugs. Available at www.mssociety.org.uk Accessed on 22 December 2008.
T15. MS Trust. www.mstrust.org.uk Tysabri - factsheet Accessed 22 December 2008.
T16. Polman CH, O'Connor PW, Havrdova E, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine 2006; 354(9): 899-910.
T17. Rudick RA, Stuart WH, Calabresi PA, et al. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine 2006; 354(9): 911-923.
T18. Yousry TA, Major EO, Ryschkewitsch C, et al. Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.  New England Journal of Medicine 2006; 354(9): 924-933.
T19. BNF 56, Sep 2008.
T20. Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, et al, Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2001: 57 (12 supplement 5): S16-S24.
T21. Munari L, Lovati R, Bolko A. Therapy with glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2007. Wiley, Chichester, UK.

Frequently Asked Questions

F1. National Institute for Clinical Evidence. Technology appraisal No. 32. Guidance on the use of beta interferon and glatiramer acetate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. London: National Institute for Clinical Evidence, 2002: www.nice.org.uk.
F2. Boggild M, Ford H. Neurological disorders: multiple sclerosis. BMJ Publishing Group; London, UK, 2003: www.clinicalevidence.com.
F3. Biogen Idec Limited. AVONEX. Summary of Product Characteristics. Available from www.medicines.org.uk, last modified June 2008, Accessed 22 December 2008.
F4. Guidelines for the use of beta interferons and glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis. Association of British Neurologists, 2001: www.theabn.org.
F5. Serono Europe Limited. Rebif. Summary of Product Characteristics. Available from www.medicines.org.uk, last modified May 2008, Accessed 22 December 2008.

MS the Disease

M1. Noseworthy JH, Lucchinetti C, Rodriguez M, Weinshenker BG. Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2000 Sep 28;343(13):938-52.
M2. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Technology appraisal No. 32. Guidance on the use of beta interferon and glatiramer acetate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2002: www.nice.org.uk.
M3. Dangond F. Multiple sclerosis. eMedicine. 2006. www.emedicine.com
M4. Pittock SJ, McClelland RL, Mayr WT, Jorgensen NW, Weinshenker BG, Noseworthy J, et al. Clinical implications of benign multiple sclerosis: a 20-year population-based follow-up study. Ann Neurol. 2004 Aug;56(2):303-6.
M5. Bruck W. The pathology of multiple sclerosis is the result of focal inflammatory demyelination with axonal damage. J Neurol. 2005 Nov;252 Suppl 5:v3-9.
M6. Dyment DA, Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC. Genetics of multiple sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet. 1997;6(10):1693-8. hmg.oxfordjournals.org
M7. Hafler DA, Compston A, Sawcer S, Lander ES, Daly MJ, De Jager PL, et al. Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 30;357(9):851-62.
M8. Van der Mei IA, Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, Blizzard L, Simmons R, Taylor BV, et al. Past exposure to sun, skin phenotype, and risk of multiple sclerosis: case-control study. Bmj. 2003 Aug 9;327(7410):316.
M9. Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. Jama. 2006 Dec 20;296(23):2832-8.
M10. Levin LI, Munger KL, Rubertone MV, Peck CA, Lennette ET, Spiegelman D, et al. Temporal relationship between elevation of epstein-barr virus antibody titers and initial onset of neurological symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Jama. 2005 May 25;293(20):2496-500.
M11. Yao SY, Stratton CW, Mitchell WM, Sriram S. CSF oligoclonal bands in MS include antibodies against Chlamydophila antigens. Neurology. 2001 May 8;56(9):1168-76.
M12. Li J, Johansen C, Bronnum-Hansen H, Stenager E, Koch-Henriksen N, Olsen J. The risk of multiple sclerosis in bereaved parents: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Neurology. 2004 Mar 9;62(5):726-9.
M13. Franklin GM, Nelson L. Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis: causes, triggers, and patient autonomy. Neurology. 2003 Oct 28;61(8):1032-4.
M14. Multiple Sclerosis Society of America. Symptom management. 2007. www.msassociation.org
M15. Lublin FD, Reingold SC. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology. 1996 Apr;46(4):907-11.
M16. McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, Goodkin D, Hartung HP, Lublin FD, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2001 Jul;50(1):121-7.
M17. Minneboo A, Barkhof F, Polman CH, Uitdehaag BM, Knol DL, Castelijns JA. Infratentorial lesions predict long-term disability in patients with initial findings suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2004 Feb;61(2):217-21.
M18. Tintore M, Rovira A, Rio J, Nos C, Grive E, Tellez N, et al. Baseline MRI predicts future attacks and disability in clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology. 2006 Sep 26;67(6):968-72.
M19. Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH, Kinkel RP, Brownscheidle CM, Murray TJ, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. CHAMPS Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000 Sep 28;343(13):898-904.
M20. Comi G, Filippi M, Barkhof F, Durelli L, Edan G, Fernandez O, et al. Effect of early interferon treatment on conversion to definite multiple sclerosis: a randomised study. Lancet. 2001 May 19;357(9268):1576-82.
M21. Kappos L, Freedman MS, Polman CH, Edan G, Hartung HP, Miller DH, et al. Effect of early versus delayed interferon beta-1b treatment on disability after a first clinical event suggestive of multiple sclerosis: a 3-year follow-up analysis of the BENEFIT study. Lancet. 2007 Aug 4;370(9585):389-97.
M22. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Multiple sclerosis. Management of multiple sclerosis in primary and secondary care. CG8. Accessed 22 December 2008: www.nice.org.uk.
M23. Neurologists AoB. Guidelines on the use of beta interferons and glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis. 2001. www.theabn.org
M24. National MS Society. The History of MS: The Basic Facts. National Multiple Sclerosis Society. 2008. www.nationalmssociety.org

Living with MS

L1. John Campbell. My name is John Campbell and I have MS. www.msactivesource.com, Accessed 28 August 2003.
L2. Penny Camfield. Deep down in Denial. www.msactivesource.com, Accessed 28 August 2003.
L3. Multiple Sclerosis International Federation. Symptoms and treatments: Relationships, intimacy and sexuality. www.msif.org, Accessed 14 September 2005.
L4. Multiple sclerosis International Federation. Symptoms and treatments: sexual dysfunction. www.msif.org, Accessed 17 December 2008.
L5. Greg Dunn. www.msactivesource.com, Accessed 28 August 2003.
L6. Multiple Sclerosis International Federation. Symptoms and treatments: Lifestyle issues - coping with role changes and loss of intimacy. www.msif.org, Accessed 14 September 2005.
L7. Carers Speak Out Project Report on findings and recommendations. The Princess Carers Trust. www.carers.org.uk Accessed on 20 October 2007.
L8. MS Society. Should I tell my employer I have MS? http://www.mssociety.org.uk/about_ms/employment/telling_your_emp.html Accessed on 22 December 2008.
L9. Risk sharing scheme: How will it work? What's the latest? MS Matters. MS Society; London; 2003: www.mssociety.org.uk Accessed on 22 December 2008.

Newly Diagnosed

ND1. What is MS? MS Active Source leaflet
ND2. Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Moreau T et al. Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis. New Eng J Med 2000; 343: 1430-1438.
ND3. MS Society. What is MS? Available at http://www.mssociety.org.uk/about_ms/what_is_ms/index.html Accessed on 22 December 2008.
ND4. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Multiple sclerosis. Management of multiple sclerosis in primary and secondary care. CG8. Accessed 22 December 2008: www.nice.org.uk.
ND6. Best Treatments. How common is multiple sclerosis? Available at http://www.besttreatments.co.uk/btuk/conditions/16743.html Accessed on 19 June 2007
ND7. Thinking about memory and problem solving. Biogen Idec leaflet
ND8. Specialist Nursing in MS - the way forward: the key elements for developing MS specialist services in the UK. Leadlet by the MS Trust
ND9. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Multiple sclerosis. Management of multiple sclerosis in primary and secondary care. CG8. Accessed 22 December 2008: www.nice.org.uk.
ND10. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Public Guidelines. Available at www.nice.org.uk
ND11. Thinking about telling Family and Friends. Biogen Idec leaflet.
ND12. MS Society. Should I tell my employer I have MS? http://www.mssociety.org.uk/about_ms/employment/telling_your_emp.html Accessed on 22 December 2008
ND13. Before MS, after MS. Sande Hickey from MSActiveSource.com. Accessed on 20 October, 2007.
ND14. Carers Speak Out Project Report on findings and recommendations. The Princess Carers Trust. www.carers.org.uk Accessed on 20 October 2007.
ND15. Health professionals involved in MS article from MS Trust www.mstrust.org.uk accessed on 26 October 2007.
ND16. MS Essentials 15. Women’s health – pregnancy, menstruation, contraception and menopause. www.mssociety.org.uk Accessed on 22 December 2008.

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